Sex or gender, Part II

Sex or gender, Part II The Encyclopedia Britannica 2003 edition describes the formation of ovaries and testes thus: "In the young embryo a pair of gonads develop that are indifferent or neutral, showing no indication that it plans to develop into testes or ovaries. There are also two types of systems of practice, one of which may become the wife of oviducts and appliances and the other in the duct system of male seed. As the development of an embryo proceeds, either male or female reproductive tissue differentiates in the originally neutral gonad of the mammal. "However, sexual preferences, genitalia and even secondary sex characteristics such as facial and pubic hair phenomena are first order. Can genetics and biology of the behavior of men and women and social interactions ( "gender identity")? The multi-level complexity and richness of masculinity and femininity is the man of more simple, deterministic, building blocks? Sociobiologists might think so.For example: the fact that there are mammals is astonishingly often overlooked. Most households are composed of mammalian mother and child. Men are absent peripatetic. Certainly, the high rates of divorce and birth out of wedlock coupled with rising promiscuity recover natural "default mode", observes Lionel Tiger, a professor of anthropology at Rutgers University in New Jersey. That three-quarters of all divorces are initiated by women tends to support this view.Furthermore, gender identity is determined during gestation, claim some scholars.Milton Diamond, University of Hawaii and Dr. Keith Sigmundson practice psychiatrist, has studied the good - the famous John / Joan case. An accidentally surgically castrated normal male was amended to seek female and raised as a girl, but without success. E 'da male gender identity puberty.His seems to have been inbo (assuming that is not subject to proof of his human environment). The case is extensively described in John Colapinto Volume "As nature made him: the boy who was raised as a girl." HealthScoutNews cited a study published in November 2002 of "Child Development". The researchers, from City University in London, found that the level of mateal testosterone during pregnancy affects the behavior of women and newbos, it is more masculine. "High testosterone" girls "enjoy activities typically considered male behavior, like playing with trucks or guns". Boys' behavior remains unchanged as study.Yet, other researchers, like John Money, insist that newbos are a "clean slate" with regard to their gender identity is in question. It 'also the dominant view. Role of gender and gender identity, which are taught, are fully trained in a process of socialization which ends by the third year of life. The Encyclopedia Britannica 2003 edition sums up: "As the concept of a person of her sex role, gender identity develops by means of parental example, social reinforcement, and language. Parents teach sex appropriate behavior for their children at an early age, and this behavior is reinforced as the child grows older and enters a wider social world. As the child acquires language, he leaed very early the distinction between "he" and "she" and understands that belongs to himself. "So who is - or nature of food? There is no disputing the fact that our sexual physiology and, in all probability, our sexual preferences are determined in the womb. Men and women are different - physiologically and, therefore, through its agents psychologically.Society - especially including the family, peers and teachers - represses or encourages these genetic tendencies. To this end, the "gender roles" - the lists of alleged gender traits, permissible behavior and morals, and prescriptive rules. Our "gender identity" or "sex role" is shorthand for the way we use our natural genotypic-phenotypic endowments in conformity with the socio-cultural "gender roles". Inevitably, the composition and bias of these lists change, so that the sense of being "men" or "female". The roles are constantly redefined by tectonic changes in the definition and functioning of basic social unit, such as the nuclear family and the workplace. The cross-cultural gender memes renders "masculinity" and "femininity" fluid concepts.One 'sex is tantamount to a material body, an objective, finite, and, usually, immutable inventory. But our endowments can be put to many uses, in different cognitive and emotional, and subject to various exegetical. Instead of "sex" - "gender" is a socio-cultural narrative. Both heterosexual and homosexual men ejaculate. Both straight and lesbian climax. What distinguished from each other are subjective introjection of socio-cultural conventions, not objective, immutable "facts". In "The New Gender Wars", published in November / December 2000 "Psychology Today," says Sarah Blustain the "bio-social" model proposed by Mice Eagly, professor of psychology at Northweste University and a former student of his, Wendy Wood, now a professor at the University of Texas A & M: "How (evolutionary psychologists), Eagly and reject social constructionist notions of all the wood that gender differences are created by culture. But the question of where they come from, respond differently: our genes, but not our role in society. This story focuses on how companies respond to the basic biological differences - men of force and reproductive capacity of women - and how to encourage men and women to follow certain pattes. "If you spent a lot of time your child care," says Wood, "then you are not able to devote much time to develop expertise and commitment of tasks outside the home. And, adds Eagly, 'if women are responsible for the care of children, what happens is that women are more demanding. Companies are working to make the adult system [so] socialization of girls is arranged to give them experience in the development. " Under this interpretation, such as the environment changes, as well as the range and texture of gender differences. At a time in Weste countries when female reproduction is extremely low, service is entirely optional, alteative care for children are many, and mechanization has reduced the importance of size and strength of men, women are more limited regardless of their size and age. This means, Eagly and Wood argue that the role structures for men and women will change and it is not surprising, the way we socialize people in these new roles will change too. (In fact, Wood says, "gender differences appear to be reduced in societies where men and women have similar status," he said. "If you want to live more neutral environment, try Scandinavia.)" Who 's author Saturday Vaknin is the author of Malignant Self Love - Narcissism Revisited and After the Rain - How the West Lost the East. E 'a columnist for Central Europe Review, PopMatters, and eBookWeb, United Press Inteational (UPI) Senior Business correspondent, and the editor of mental health and Central East Europe categories in Bellaonline Open Directory and Suite101. Saturday Visit